Fossil Fuels Vs Alternative Energy - 2272 Words

Fossil Fuels versus Alternative Energy The continued use of fossil fuels without seeking alternatives is a very dangerous practice. Earth’s temperature is rising, oceans are rising, polar ice caps are melting, Pacific waves are washing over some island nations, and extreme weather and heat waves are increasing. Alternatives to fossil fuels that pump carbon dioxide into the air seem hardly controversial. The controversy is about what can be done to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and how can we get it done. It is already too late, but how can we reduce the scale of the damage that is already upon us? The argument presented in some books, articles, and internet sources seems presented like some polite controversy with no clearly correct†¦show more content†¦Other chemicals and gases include sulfur dioxide (a type of gas that can lead to acid rain), nitrogen oxide (causes smog and acid rain), carbon dioxide (which is currently one of the greatest factors of global warming), small particles (the particles c an lead to health hazards and can increase the chance of lung cancer), hydrocarbons (causes smog), ash and sludge ( the ash and sludge consist of many pollutants and hold toxic metals within them like lead and mercury), and many other toxic metals (Casper 6-7). Some big greenhouse gases have very long living lifetimes in the atmosphere. Perfluoromethane has the longest lifetime with 50,000 years. Carbon dioxide has a lifetime of 50 to 200 years and is the leading gas causing global warming. The USA has the second highest quantity of emissions of carbon dioxide in the world. China is currently the world s leading country for carbon dioxide emissions, emitting 6017.69 tons of carbon dioxide. In 2006 North America had the second highest carbon dioxide emissions with 6,954.03 million metric tons. The leading geographic regions are Asia and Oceania with 11,219.00 million metric tons in 2006 (Casper 39-40). In the United States total energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions have been decreasing slowly. This trend might not be long term, and our consumption may rise again. In the world, North America has the highest consumption of oil and is the second largest consumer of

aunt jennifer tigers Essay Example For Students

aunt jennifer tigers Essay Aunt Jennifers TigersBy Adrienne RichAunt Jennifers tigers stride across a screen Bright topaz denizens of a world of green. They do not fear the men beneath the tree;They pace in sleek chivalric certainty. Aunt Jennifers fingers fluttering through her woolFind even the ivory needle hard to pull. The massive weight of uncles wedding bandSits heavily upon Aunt Jennifers hand. When Aunt is dead, her terrified hands will lieStill ringed with ordeals she was mastered byThe tigers in the panel that she madeWill go on striding, proud and unafraid. The first stanza sets the setting for Aunt Jennifers dream world for her and her tigers (Aunt Jennifer represents all women who are caught under the oppressive hand of a patriarchal society). Aunt Jennifers tigers represent what women desired to be like during that time period. The tigers are do not fear men and as depicted on line four are heroic and conduct themselves in a manly fashion. These confidents tigers represent everything women desire to be. The second stanza represents the reality of Aunt Jennifers life. She is depicted doing needlepoint, which happens to be a very traditional activity for a woman. However, she is having trouble with this activity as expressed in line 7. Her inability to do this needlepoint represents her inability to express herself in a male dominated society. This weight that rests heavily on her hand is not something she enjoys and is oppressing her from doing what she really wants to. The third stanza gives us a truthful look at the reality and end of Aunt Jennifer. It re-emphasizes the impact living in this patriarchal society had had on her. Despite the tragic end of Aunt Jennifers life these tigers and the ideas of an oppressed free life for women carry on. What does Rich say about this poem?Im startled because beneath the conscious craft are glimpses of the split I even then experienced between the girl who wrote poems, who defined herself in writing poems, and the girl who was to define herself by her relationships with men (632). Rich says this poem is an example of a split that took place in her earlier writing. She has written in the oppressors (male) style however, has expressed feelings of a woman not writing for a purely male audience. Rich has gotten away with expressing these ideas because she wrote using the strategy of formalism that inevitably allowed her writing to sound the same as traditional male writing. I wanted women poets to be equals of men, and to be equal was still confused with sounding the same (632). What does she intend to illustrate? How does the poem illustrate this point/s?I believe she meant to illustrate a narrative of a woman, Aunt Jennifer, under the oppression of a male. This is illustrated in the 2nd stanza when Rich describes Aunt Jennifers hand as being too heavy to pull the needle through the wool because of the massive weight of Uncles wedding band (7, 633). This massive weight is mans control over his wife and the wedding band is a symbol of his control. This idea is als o supported in the third stanza when Rich describes Aunt Jennifer dead being still ringed with the ordeals she was mastered by (9-10, 633). Overall the poem illustrates oppression by stating in the first stanza what she really desires and then describing how she is oppressed and held back by the male in her life. For a poem to coalesce, for a character or an action to take shape, there has to be an imaginative transformation of reality which is no way passiveMoreover, if the imagination is to transcend and transform experience it has to question, to challenge, to conceive of alternatives, perhaps to the very life you are living at that moment. You have to be free to play around with the notion that day might be night, love might be hate, nothing can be too sacred for the imagination to turn into its opposite or to call experimentally by another name. For writing is renaming (635). .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b , .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b .postImageUrl , .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b , .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b:hover , .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b:visited , .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b:active { border:0!important; } .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b:active , .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2fb49b017ed0f254512849af5f0d780b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pornography And Sex Crimes EssayHow does the poem relate to the quotation at the top of the page?The poem relates to the quote by transforming reality. She creates this world of the tiger that is a challenge to the norm. This is Richs alternative to the life of Aunt Jennifer. She shows in this poem both what the reality is and what the reality she wants is. How is the poem an act of transformation? What is transformed? To what end?The poem tries to transform the normal life of women, represented by Aunt Jennifers life, into the life of the tiger. The normal life is bound by the traditions that women have set for them by men. The tiger is free to roam do whatever he wants i n a world full of color. So instead of an actual transformation in the poem its more of a wish for a transformation. Rich wants this transformation because she hopes for herself and other women to be free from the duties that normal life holds for most women, such as marriage and knitting. How is the poem a renaming?The poem is a renaming because it is using Aunt Jennifer to represent the state of women, but the tiger is there to show what should be the state of women. Instead of saying directly the new way that women should exist in the world she places the tiger there to show by example. This poem is the first that Rich presents us with. It was written during her early stages of writing when she was a student. It was during the period when she was still confused with equal and sounding the same (632). Rich re-visions her poem in this quote:It was important to me that Aunt Jennifer was a person as distinct from myself as possible distanced by the formalism of the poem, by its objective, observant tone even by putting the woman in a different generation (633). This poem was incorporated to exemplify Richs beginning years as a writer. It gives the reader a starting point for her to show how drastically her writing changed throughout her career. She realizes years later when she is re-visioning that in those years formalism was part of a strategy like asbestos gloves, it allowed her to handle material I couldnt pick up barehanded (633). This means she was able to touch on subjects that werent directed solely for a male audience because she was able to make them sound the same by using formalism. Formalism was the male rule or known way to write poetry. It is also worthy to not the irony in this poem. Since it was written when Rich was still a student and wanting to rebel against the traditional female roles, you would never expect Rich to take on the role of Aunt Jennifer in real life. However, she then decides that she, ?was also determined to prove that as a woman poet she could also have what as then defined as a full womans life. She eventually found herself overweighed by her obligations as a wife and mother to not be able to put ample time into her writing. She was taking on the role of Aunt Jennifer and that is when she had her whole awakening.

Young offenders and the Criminal Justice System

Table of Contents Introduction Juvenile justice system Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The human civilization has from ancient times acknowledged the fact that the children are the future of the present civilization. Our modern era also believes in this ideology. This being the case, our society has always strived to ensure that children and the youth are given the best opportunity to excel.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Young offenders and the Criminal Justice System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, despite all the good intention of the society, there are still a number of children and youth who continue to be on the wrong side of the law. Cole and Smith note that this increase in juvenile deliquescence is as a result of social, economic and other factors prevalent in this era (13). Policy makes have taken care to ensure that these troubled children are not left behind in the quest for a brighter future for all the children. Measures have been taken to ensure that the troubled children who are charged with offences are afforded a chance to rectify their mistakes and become respectable citizens through rehabilitation programs. This has been through the implementation of juvenile justice systems which have been characterized by their correctional as opposed to punishment role. Despite the presence of a functional juvenile justice system in the country, there has been a marked increase in crime rates among children and youths. As a result of this rising rates of crime amongst youths, policy makers have pushed for the increased transfer of juvenile offenders to criminal courts for adult prosecution. This is a move that is hailed by some as being the best manner to reduce juvenile crimes and therefore safeguard the society’s peace. However, there are opponents to these waivers who suggest that such moves result in the reduction in chances of rehabilitation for the juvenile offenders. This paper argues that juveniles should not be waived to adult courts unless they commit heinous crimes such as murder. To reinforce this assertion, this study will perform a critical analysis of the various arguments presented both for and against transferring juveniles to adult courts. A brief overview of the juvenile court system will also be offered to act as a background for the paper. Juvenile justice system The Industrial Revolution of the late 19th century led to a mushrooming of urban settlements and the number of children living in cities rapidly increased (Sims and Preston 46). Juvenile delinquency became an issue in many cities and the welfare of the urban children became a primary concern. The introduction of a separate system of justice for children borrowed heavily from the ideas proposed by the 18th Century English lawyer, William Blackstone (Yeckel 331).Advertising Looking for term paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Blackstone aimed at categorizing people based on their ages and thus drawing a line between the age where one could be held accountable for their actions and an age where one was absolved from any crime committed. To a large extent, the earlier advocates of juvenile systems considered themselves to be on a humanitarian mission championing the rights of the children. The major difference between the juvenile justice system and the criminal justice system was that juvenile courts aimed to rehabilitate rather than punish. Core to the courts principles was the mission to help troubled children. This benevolent nature of the system led to an informal and non adversarial approach that was not entangled in the procedural rules and formalities that characterized the criminal court systems. Sim and Preston assert that this open nature was all in line with the ultimate goal of the courts which was to guide the young offender towards life as a res ponsible and law-abiding adult (48). The lack of well defined procedures meant that the juvenile court could take extra-legal factors in deciding on how to handle a case. The primary argument by the proponents of automatic judicial waiver of juvenile court jurisdiction is as a result of the increased juvenile crime and violence. While it is true that juvenile crimes are markedly higher that they were in the previous decades, the same can be said about adult crimes. Allard and Young assert that there is no evidence that young people have become disproportionately more crime prone or dangerous at that than the rest of the population (8). Arguably, the alleged increase in juvenile crime is simply a function of population growth which is not only natural but to be expected. Allard and Young go on to demonstrate that the juvenile arrests for serious violent crimes have remained fairly average over the last 30 years (7). The underlying philosophy behind transferring juveniles to the crimi nal justice system is that more severe punishment even if at the expense of rehabilitation will result in reduced crime rates and therefore increase the public safety. However, studies indicate that juvenile offenders in the adult system are more likely to re-offend or commit more serious subsequent offenses than those who remain in the juvenile system (Allard Young 4). Youths and young offenders should not be prosecuted through the criminal justice system unless they commit major crimes such as murder. Instead they should be prosecuted through the juvenile justice system.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Young offenders and the Criminal Justice System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is attributed to the fact that juvenile courts are predisposed to have the best interest of the children or youths in consideration and offer some form of defense and rehabilitation for the children in juvenile facilities . As such, the underlying goal of the juvenile system is to guide the young offender towards life as a responsible and law-abiding adult (Sim and Preston 56). The arguments on juveniles raised by policy markers in the late 1800s resulted in a consensus that juveniles were developmentally inferior compared to adults and as such, juveniles would no longer be held criminally responsible for their actions (Feld 19; Bakken 14). However, while this attribute of benevolence is hailed by many proponents of the juvenile system, these benign actions have resulted in the lack of accountability for their actions by the youths. Waivers can offset this condition since as Feld comments: The rehabilitative ideal has minimized the significance of the offenses as a dispositional criterion. The emphasis on the â€Å"best interests of the child† has weakened the connection between what a person does and the consequences of that act on the theory that the act is at best only symptomatic of real n eeds. (Bakken 13). This argument suggests that the treatment of youths in the juvenile system does not lead to the offender feeling accountable for his/her crimes therefore resulting in a lack of liability. This is as opposed to the adult system in which one is held accountable for their crimes and made to pay for them to the maximum extent permissible by the law. In addition, proponents of the waiver to prosecute the youth in the criminal justice system assert that one of the goals for transferring juvenile offenders to the adult criminal courts is to deter them from taking part in criminal activities in future. However, a research carried out by Donna Bishop in 1996 to highlight the differences in outcomes of juvenile courts compared to the criminal courts on youths showed that juvenile offenders who were transferred to the adult courts received more severe sentences than their counterparts in the juvenile system. In addition to this, the findings showed that the transferred youth had higher re-arrest rates (54%) compared with 32% for the youths dealt with by the juvenile courts ( Rosenheim 87).Advertising Looking for term paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In light of such findings, advocates of the juvenile court systems argue that the taking up of waiving as a means to reduce future crimes is a faulty policy. While the juvenile system may not be flawless, these findings demonstrate that the system has not altogether failed and should therefore be experimented with further. To further reinforce this argument, Watt, Howells and Delfabbro use Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory to explain why individuals commit crimes (150). In this theory, Freud believes that all humans have underlying desires. As such, it is only through socialization that these urges can be controlled. Therefore, a person with poor social skills develops a personality disorder which forces him/her to exhibit antisocial tendencies. Those that bring out these tendencies become criminals while those who suppress them become neurotics. This theory is therefore a proponent to the fact that criminals are social misfits trying to compensate for their weaknesses. B earing this in mind, taking young offenders through the criminal justice system does not help them change but instead, makes them more antisocial thereby increasing their chances of committing more serious offences. As Fisher reiterates, the acts of violence exhibited by youths and young offenders are triggered by their need to empower themselves in a society that constantly undermines them (109). Therefore, the solution should not be prosecuting them but rather, to find solutions to factors that lead them into committing crime. To further support his argument as a proponent of youth prosecutions in the criminal justice system, Bakken states that juveniles are capable of hideous crimes as was demonstrated in the Kent v. United States case. A 16 year old, Morris A. Kent was charged with breaking into a woman’s apartment, robbing her and raping her (6). The juvenile court system is evidently not equipped to deal with such kind of violent crimes as its sentencing does not includ e life imprisonment or even the death penalty. Bakken acknowledges that it is cases such as this that make juvenile transfer not only desirable but necessary so as to enable the offender to be tried on criminal charges (7). The waiving system presents a mode through which these malicious offenders can be kept away from the society therefore preserving social harmony. Without waivers, crimes such as those committed by Kent would only be punished marginally and the offender would be free to rejoin the society after only a few years of incarceration. However, Watt, Howells and Delfabbro disagree with this argument by using the interactionist theory of crime causation which asserts that an individual’s interaction with criminals may psychologically influence him/her to commit crime (147). The theory proposes that the chances of an individual committing crime as a result of peer pressure are significantly high. According to Fisher, constant interactions with criminals play a centr al role in the development of criminal behaviors (105). The author states that from these associations, individuals are influenced into committing crime and becoming notorious criminals. This theory proposes that a petty offender can become a hardcore criminal through the association with criminals. It assumes that from such interactions, an individual learns how to think, act and react to different situations like a criminal. As such, imprisoning young offenders may invariably make them worse than they were before getting into the system. To this regard, Watt Howells Delfabbro propose a more positive approach whereby young petty offenders are enrolled in the juvenile justice system where there are positive reinforcement programs that may help them change their behaviors (143). However, Gaines and Miller argue that criminal convictions carry with them a certain stigma as a person is marked as a felon for the rest of their lives (62). The authors suggest that this â€Å"stigmatizat ion† by the society is in fact healthy as it also adds to the deterrence factor since people do not want to be viewed as social misfits. The juvenile court system is structured in such a way that these long-term consequences to the offender are not present. In as much as this statement holds true, adult conviction also results in some socioeconomic consequences such as the person being compelled to report their conviction on job application or being barred from particular types of jobs. These factors have serious psychological effects on an individual. For example, no matter how much an individual is trying to change his/her ways, the criminal records and the social limitations associated with them will never go away. As such, these realities often foster feelings of frustration and other antisocial tendencies. These are key factors that may lead an individual into causing crime as a means of acting-out. These bleak realities further support the statement that youth offenders should not be go through the criminal justice system and that other alternatives should be found. The rationale behind the establishment of the juvenile system was to protect the interests of the children who were deemed as being less liable than adults since they were morally and emotionally less developed (Rosenheim 91). This almost paternal view is the main difference between juvenile courts and criminal courts whereby the juvenile courts emphasis on the â€Å"best interests† of the violators. By indiscriminately waiving juvenile offenders to the adult court system, the criminal justice system will have failed in its initial goal which was to protect the interest of young offenders and hopefully rehabilitate them into useful members of the society. However, it can be argued that the juvenile system was established in an era when the capability and emotional intelligence of the youth developed at a fairly slower pace. In the modern era, children are exposed to all kinds of information which result in greater understanding. As such, the laws should be amended to accommodate these new realities. Conclusion This study set out to argue that juveniles should not be waived to adult courts. To underscore this point, the paper has performed a brief overview of the juvenile system in America as well as an in-depth analysis of the arguments forwarded both for and against waivers. However, this paper has clearly demonstrated that there are other means through with juvenile criminality can be tackled. Considering the risk that waivers could results in the conversion of juvenile offenders into hardcore criminals, the evidence in this paper suggests that more intervention-based measures should be implemented to ensure that young offenders do not get into the criminal justice system unless they commit heinous crimes. Works Cited Allard, Patricia and Malcolm Young. Prosecuting Juveniles in Adult Court: Perspectives for Policymakers and Practitioners, 2002. Web. http: //www.njjn.org/ Bakken, Nicholas. (2007). You do the Crime, You do the Time: A Socio-Legal History of the Juvenile Court and Transfer Waivers, 2002. Web. Burrow, John. (2005). Punishing Serious Juvenile Offenders: A Case Study of Michigan’s Prosecutorial Waiver Status, 2002. Web. https://jjlp.law.ucdavis.edu/archives/vol-9-no-1/01_Burrow.pdf Cole, George and Cristopher Smith. The American System of Criminal Justice. New York : Cengage Learning, 2006. Print. Fisher, Bonnie. â€Å"Crime Prevention.† Journal of Security Education 2.1 (2006): 103 – 111. Print. Gaines, Larry and Roger Miller. Criminal Justice in Action. New York: Cengage Learning, 2006. Print. Rosenheim, Margaret. A Century of Juvenile Justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Print. Sims, Barbara and Pamela Preston. Handbook of Juvenile Justice: Theory and Practice. California: CRC Press, 2006. Print. Watt, Bruce, Kevin Howells and Paul Delfabbro. (2004). â€Å"Juvenile Recidivism: Crimi nal Propensity, Social Control and Social Learning Theories.† Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 11.1 (2004): 141 – 153. Print. Yeckel, Josef. â€Å"Violent Juvenile Offenders: Rethinking Federal Intervention in Juvenile Justice.† Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law 51 (1997): 331. Print. This term paper on Young offenders and the Criminal Justice System was written and submitted by user Akem1 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

paralogism - definition and examples

paralogism - definition and examples Definition Paralogism is a term in logic and rhetoric for a fallacious or defective argument or conclusion.In the field of rhetoric, in particular, paralogism is generally regarded as a type of sophism or pseudo-syllogism.In the  Critique of Pure Reason  (1781/1787), German philosopher  Immanuel Kant identified  four paralogisms corresponding to the four fundamental knowledge claims of rational psychology: substantiality, simplicity, personality, and ideality. Philosopher  James Luchte points out that the section on the Paralogisms was . . . subject to differing accounts in the First and Second Editions of the First Critique (Kants Critique of Pure Reason: A Readers Guide, 2007). See Examples and Observations below. Also see: FallacyInformal LogicLogicSophistry EtymologyFrom the Greek, beyond reason   Examples and Observations [Paralogism is illogical] reasoning, particularly of which the reasoner is unconscious. . . .Ex: I asked him [Salvatore, a simpleton] whether it was not also true that lords and bishops accumulated possessions through tithes, so that the Shepherds were not fighting their true enemies. He replied that when your true enemies are too strong, you have to choose weaker enemies (Umberto Eco, The Name of the Rose, p. 192).(Bernard Marie Dupriez and Albert W. Halsall, A Dictionary of Literary Devices. University of Toronto Press, 1991)Paralogism is either Fallacy, if unintentional, or Sophism, if intended to deceive. It is under the latter aspect particularly that Aristotle considers false reasoning.(Charles S. Peirce, Qualitative Logic, 1886) Aristotle on Paralogism and PersuasionThe use of psychological and aesthetic strategies is based, first, on the fallacy of the linguistic sign, for not being the same thing as the reality it names, and, secondly, on the fallacy of what follows somethin g is the effect of this. Indeed,  Aristotle says that the reason why persuasion derives from psychological and stylistic strategies is a paralogism or fallacy in both cases. We instinctively think that the orator that shows us a certain emotion or trait of character through his speech, when he employs the appropriate style, well adapted to the emotion of the audience or the character of the speaker, can make a fact credible. The hearer, indeed, will be under the impression that the orator is speaking the truth, when his linguistic signs correspond exactly with the facts they describe. Hence the hearer thinks, consequently, that in such circumstances his own feelings or reactions would be the same (Aristotle, Rhetoric  1408a16).(A. Là ³pez Eire, Rhetoric and Language.  A Companion to Greek Rhetoric, ed. by  Ian Worthington. Blackwell, 2007) Paralogism as Self-DeceptionThe word paralogism is taken from formal logic, in which it is used to designate a specific type of formally fallacious syllogism: Such a syllogism is a paralogism insofar as one deceives oneself by it. [Immanuel] Kant distinguishes a paralogism, thus defined, from what he calls a sophism; the latter is a formally fallacious syllogism with which one deliberately tries to deceive others. So, even in its more logical sense, paralogism is more radical than that mere sophistry which, directing others into error, still reserves the truth for itself. It is rather self-deception, inevitable illusion without reserve of truth. . . . Reason entangles itself in paralogism in that sphere in which self-deception can assume its most radical form, the sphere of rational psychology; reason involves itself in self-deception regarding itself.(John Sallis, The  Gathering of Reason, 2nd ed. State University of New York Press, 2005) Kant on ParalogismToday the term [paralog ism] is associated almost entirely with Immanuel Kant who, in a section of his first Critique on Transcendental Dialectic, distinguished between Formal and Transcendental Paralogisms. By the latter he understood the Fallacies of Rational Psychology which began with the I think experience as premise, and concluded that man possesses a substantial, continuous, and separable soul. Kant also termed this the Psychological Paralogism, and the Paralogisms of Pure Reasoning.(William L. Reese, Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion. Humanities Press, 1980) Also Known As: fallacy, false reasoning

Getting Your Book Coverage in the National Press

Getting Your Book Coverage in the National Press Getting Your Book Coverage in the National Press This is a guest post by Douglas Wight, freelance journalist, author, publisher and book serialization specialist. He explains how authors can get book coverage in the national press†¦ and get paid for it!Book Coverage: Making A SplashHow many â€Å"likes†, how many â€Å"followers†, how’s your â€Å"discoverability†, what are your â€Å"signs of life†, are you on top of your profiles, what are your hits on â€Å"YouTube†?Life can be baffling for an author these days. The pressure not just to have a digital presence but one that’s firing hourly on multiple platforms is not just daunting, but increasingly terrifying.But imagine a platform that would pay for your content. That’s right. Hard cash. Not only that but it will guarantee an audience of millions. And these millions aren’t just digital consumers but actual readers. In addition, at no cost to you, it will take on the heavy lifting of promotion. This platform mig ht even advertise your book, plug it extensively online, tweet links to your material, sell your content on to other outlets, giving you a share of the spoils and run discount price offers so the audience can directly purchase your book.Sounds not bad, eh? And what is this amazing new platform that can promise all this?Actually, it’s oldest known to mankind. The humble newspaper.A Great Success StoryIn the digital age, not much attention is paid to â€Å"old media†. Newspapers are dinosaurs, right, losing readers by the millions, out-dated and out-of-touch?On the contrary, newspapers are in many ways the great success story. They’ve survived the arrival of radio and television and, after a rocky period, are navigating a passage through the Internet age. Crucially, for authors, they love books. True, many titles have done away with specialist literary editors but newspapers appreciate the kudos a book can bring. A good serialization can work wonders for both news paper and author. And, in an age of declining sales, all round publishers and the fourth estate need each other more than ever. If you write non-fiction, there’s a good chance your book could find a home in a newspaper. If you’re the author of a non-fiction book, there’s a good chance it could find a home in a newspaper. The only criteria, be it for a celebrity biography, strong real-life or historical story or a ‘mind, body, spirit’ book, is that it’s new, or offers readers something different. And, as long as it’s properly researched and credible, they’re happy to promote self-published books, which can be a massive boost for a fledgling author or imprint.Modern-day serializations have evolved from the days when newspapers would pay tens, even hundreds of thousands to gut a big celebrity title over several days. As advances have come down, so too has the money newspapers expect to pay to run content, but this has opened up the market. These days a ‘serial’ is more likely to be a one-day hit but it can be a fantastic launch pad for any new book. "A ‘serial’ can be a fantastic launch pad for any new book." – @dougwight Although newspapers demand exclusivity, other media – magazines, online news sources, television and radio stations – are happy to follow, offering new pathways to publicity and promotion.And the good news is that, certainly where tabloids are concerned, they are still willing to pay for content. The sums involved might not make you rich but in an era of ridiculously small advances they can almost take the place of an advance for self-published work.With journalist Jennifer Wiley, I recently self-published an unauthorised biography of the pop singer Rita Ora. A serial deal with the Sun meant we were able to print a hardback and attract interest from a major high street retailer. The Sun’s coverage was picked up around the world and led to extensive secondary publicity. This won’t be everyone’s experience but it showed the potential of strong newspaper coverage.In another example, a book published solely through Amazon’s Print on Demand went o n to sell thousands of copies after a tabloid serialisation brought it to the public’s attention.Get Serious About SerialWhether you are an independent author, self-publisher or have a forthcoming book with a traditional publisher it’s important to think about the merits of serialisation.Most publishers have a rights department whose job it is to secure serial deals. Sadly, however, away from the big titles it can often be the case that a smaller book gets overlooked or not much effort is put into achieving national coverage.So, take an interest. Think of ways to make your text appealing to newspapers. Some authors are guilty of thinking that once their manuscript is sent a team of specialists will mold their work to make it publicity friendly. The reality is that the best you can hope for is that a rights manager will flag it up to a paper and send over the manuscript. If you’re a books editor or features editor you might have ten manuscripts a week vying for y our attention.If, however, you’ve dissected your text and teased out the killer new lines, in which chapters to find them and set out exactly what’s fresh and interesting, then you’re helping push your book to the top of the pile. Dissect your text and tease out the killer new lines, then pitch it to the press. It also means you’re starting to control part of the process.Newspapers are visual beasts so think photos and images. If your book is photo-free suggest images available online that might help them illustrate it. The more visually grabbing your piece is the better chance it has of making it past the editorial conferences held to decide which stories are placed  in newspapers (and where).Fiction is harder to place or feature with anything more than a review. However, if you have a good back story or a remarkable real-life event sparked the idea for a novel this could pave the way for an interview to plug your new book.It’s worth noting, however, that newspapers traditionally don’t pay for author interviews, just extracts. They will, however, plug the actual book, possibly with an off the page reader offer, and front cover.If you’re not writing for a publisher, work with a serialisation expert, or ring up the paper you think is best suited to the material. Features editors are desperate for brilliant ideas.Often, retailers monitor press coverage and increase their orders accordingly. There’s no guarantee that happens all the time and publishers might well argue that the press’s influence on sales is not what it was†¦ but any publicity is good publicity and the more prompters readers get to the existence of a new book the better.So, in this digital age, think ink and see how Fleet Street can help your book get on the High Street.Looking to get some book  coverage in the press or on specialist blogs?  Pitch our  Reedsy publicists here  and ask them for free quotes!Have you tried to pitch your book to newspapers? Do you believe in the power of the "old media" in the digital age? Share your thoughts and experiences with us, or ask Douglas any question, in the comments below!

Destructive Leadership in the Military - Chapter 3 Dissertation

Destructive Leadership in the Military - Chapter 3 - Dissertation Example A valid informed consent is also a requirement by federal regulation, which identifies the eight basic disclosure elements. According to the National Archives and Records Administration (2012), a statement of the contents of the research, its purpose, the expected length of participation, was clearly explained to the potential participants. The informed consent will be given to participants prior to the start of the research. The informed consent will concentrate on the ethical and legal framework of the research. First, a brief will be conducted with the participants to provide essential information about the research. The participants will be provided an opportunity to ask questions which will be answered correctly and broadly. When all participants are thoroughly briefed and have a clear understanding of the study, they will each receive a copy of the informed consent to sign as evidence. A copy of the form will be retained by the researcher, and the other copy given to the respon dent. If any new information arises as the research progress, the participants will be informed The respondents will also be made aware they can withdraw from the research any time before the final dissertation is written. By providing substantial background information, and enumerating the rights of the participants, voluntary, and signed consent of the participants will be obtained. ... Confidentiality The confidentiality of the participants will be of paramount importance, especially in the current case in which the respondents are active members of the Marine Corps and may be working under the very senior enlisted Marines about whom they have provided the information. The following measures will be taken to ensure the protection of respondents. First, the research will ensure that respondents’ names and any other identifying characteristics will not be mentioned in the dissertation, and the collected data will be used only for developing the research analysis. Furthermore, interviews and interviewees will be identified by a generic code and all information that relates to the interviewee will be kept in a secure location for a three-year period from the completion of the study, after which all information and data will be destroyed. A code will be given to all participants who have signed the informed consent. Each participant will be given a code, example (MIL 001) for the first participant up to (MIL 00n) for the nth participant. The participants will be required to identify themselves using the assigned code for every interview or questionnaire administered to them. Once the data collection process begins, participants will not be addressed by name, but by their assigned code, which they will receive prior to the interview process. The participants will not write their names on the interview or questionnaires, and any data that contain the participant’s name will be invalid and destroyed immediately. The confidentiality of the participants is the respondents are active members of the Marine Corps and may be working under the senior enlisted Marine whom they have provided the informationof great importance because it protects them from

Wk1 INTL304 Forum Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wk1 INTL304 Forum - Coursework Example Air force pilots, navy captains, and army commanders often use tactical military requirements for intelligence analysis. Strategically, agencies using information from the DOD (Department Of Defense) serve as armed forces elements that dedicate their resources to training experts to build tactical intelligence skills2. The outcome of this strategy is less gritty in contrast to outcomes generated by different sources of tactical military requirements. The strategic analysis of gathered intelligence is less time sensitive than tactical military requirements, which makes their effectiveness witnessed more by DOD agencies than the armed forces. For instance, strategic analysis compelled United States army to â€Å"take its time† while invading Iraq and Afghanistan3. Another example is Syrian president Bassad’s order of chemical assaults was pivotal for the United States in terms of collection planning of tactical military activities in Syria and neighboring countries with American military bases. Although the DOD chiefly uses strategic analysis and tactical military requirements, analysts do not have to be versant with both skills. This is because DOD supports Congressional policymakers like the Joint Chief of Staffs and the Secretary of