Explain the purpose of the main characters, minor characters and the chorus in Antigone. (30 marks) Essay

All characters which include in Sophocles’ play Antigone assume a significant job by one way or another; for the most part passing on a specific good or topic. The significant characters depict the principle subjects, for example, unwaveringness, while a portion of the minor characters and the ensemble investigate the topic of prediction and destiny. Antigone is one of/the principle character in the play named after herself. Anyway it is disputable whether she is the principle character because of the way that most of the play rotates around Creon and his activities, and end in him being separated from everyone else while Antigone has kicked the bucket. All through the play she characterizes the devotion to the Gods instead of common compliance and is the main character to do as such. Quickly, Antigone is depicted by Sophocles as a resistant and significant character because of the way that she is situated outside the castle, a spot where a Greek lady would not be found unescorted by a male nearness. An old Greek crowd would naturally expect that Antigone and her sister Ismene who is additionally outside with her were poor, whores or slaves, yet we rapidly discover she is not one or the other, leaving us with the early introductions that Antigone is happy to oppose the standards and doesn't fit typical lady shows in the old Greek period. The way that Creon is obviously bewildered when he sees Antigone is answerable for the entombment of Polynices without wanting to plainly shows to the peruser that it is strange for the normal lady in old Greek society to part from the standards and oppose the guidelines, which is bolstered by the way that Athenian men accepted that the best ladies were the ones that were heard the least. The statement â€Å"You bring this woman†¦?† (Line 375); which is said to the Sentry in the wake of bringing Antigone before Creon; shows that Creon is befuddled that it is a lady that has had the fortitude to conflict with the laws he had set. Antigone demonstrates her dedication to the divine beings when she addresses Creon and lets him know â€Å"I was not going to acquire discipline from the divine beings, not in dread of the desire of any man† (Line 423-424) which gathers to the peruser that she fears the divine beings significantly more than she fears any human man, and she will maintain the gods’ â€Å"unwritten, unassailable laws† as opposed to a minor humans laws which he feels that individuals ought to submit to. This demonstrates a reasonable dedication to the divine beings as she is surrendering herself and admits to the violations against the state, yet is not taken back by the guarantee of death as she realizes that what she has done is for the gods’ fulfillment. Moreover, we see that Antigone is amazingly faithful to her family and is eager to forfeit her life to benefit her sibling, as the antiquated Greeks accepted that on the off chance that you didn't get the right entombment, at that point you would wander the great beyond always and never be in harmony (it was likewise observed as impolite towards the dead and the group of the dead). We see this furious steadfastness that Antigone feels towards her family as she tells Ismene; not long before she says she needs no part in covering the body; that â€Å"I won't be found deceiving him.† (Line 42) which appears to be extremely forceful, giving the peruser an understanding onto the amount Antigone adores her family and needs her sibling to find happiness in the hereafter and in respect with the dead beneath. Antigone isn't the main character in the play to show a solid attribute of steadfastness, as Creon likewise conveys a similar feeling, nonetheless, as opposed to being towards family, it is towards state. We see this because of the way that Antigone is his own niece and Polynices his own nephew, yet he is eager to shame Polynices by not giving him an internment custom and leaving his cadaver â€Å"for the winged creatures and pooches to eat† (Line 191-192), and is happy to execute Antigone for ignoring the law. Creon is likewise viewed as the most significant character in Sophocles’ Antigone, for the most part because of the way that the divine beings requital is coordinated upon him, implying that he is disregarded as his family are for the most part dead, indicating his significance as the play rotates around him at long last. Essentially to Antigone, Creon is appeared as rebellious, yet to the divine beings and not the law. This is demonstrated when Haemon, Creons child, lets him know â€Å"You don't regard it when you stomp all over the gods’ honour† (line 691) which indicates the noncompliance as he won't regard the divine beings by covering Polynices, saving the body for himself. Creon supposedly changes as in spite of the fact that he is seen as an oppressive pioneer, needing all force from himself, he apparently falls before the Chorus, spoke to by the tune on line 1060, when he asks the Chorus â€Å"So what must I do? Let me know! I will obey.†, demonstrating he presently is happy to tune in to the individuals, in spite of the fact that we realize it is past the point of no return for things to change for Creon. Creons child, Haemon, changes a lot of like his dad, right off the bat concurring with Creon and agreeing with him on not covering Polynices, yet starts to change his perspectives and inevitably rallies with the individuals who want the internment of Antigones sibling. The detachment tells Eurydice â€Å"Corpse lies grasping carcass. The poor man had won his customs of marriage in the place of Hades.† (line 1189) which demonstrates his connect to Antigone, as it is clear that he cherishes his family (or future family) without question, as he is embarrassed to the point that he has lost his future spouse that he ends his own life to be with her in eternity, and passes on sticking onto her body, demonstrating the way that he needed to be with her eternity. Teiresias is likewise observed as very faithful to the Gods, much like Antigone as he straightforwardly affronts the lord when he tells Creon â€Å"For this the Destroyers who hold up their time lie in sit tight for you, the Furies of Hades and of the divine beings, so you will be seized by these equivalent disasters.† disclosing to him that he will confront a difficult passing and the great beyond, saving no detail so as to depict the divine beings anger. The visually impaired prophet is likewise the primary character to depict the topic of prediction. A case of this is the point at which he tells Creon â€Å"two seeing through the eyes of one; this is the manner by which the visually impaired must go, with a guide† which obviously shows the prophets capacities as it shows that he is in profound contact with the divine beings and in spite of the fact that he is rendered daze he can see far into the future with the assistance of the divine beings. Another case of this is when Teiresias tells Creon â€Å"I will let you know, and you should comply with the seer† which shows the insight of the prophet and he mentions to Creon what he should do to be glad. Force is likewise indicated be Teiresias as Creon discloses to him that â€Å"I am your objective, and not invulnerable even from you prophetic art.† which shows he comprehends that he is more remarkable than him and he offers the right guidance and can anticipate the future well. â€Å"before you give one brought into the world off your midsections as a cadaver in return for corpses† is the thing that he tells Creon, which shows prophetic qualities as Teiresias recognizes what will happen to Haemon before it occurs, and he likewise realizes that Antigones passing is unavoidable. The Chorus in Sophocles’ Antigone likewise depict the topic of prediction as they control the crowd by depicting their emotions and offer clues to the crowd on what will happen further on in the play. A case of this is the point at which the Chorus says that Creon is a â€Å"breathing corpse† which is valid, as toward the finish of the play Creon is disregarded, in much passionate strain so he could be supposed to be a mobile carcass, additionally because of the way that he wishes himself dead. The theme additionally tell Creon â€Å"Lord, this time my considerations have been stating this may be crafted by the Gods.† which has a two sided connotation, which could be deciphered truly to show that the individuals accept that the divine beings are answerable for the internment of Polynices due to the fact that no impressions are found. Then again, this could been viewed as the Chorus portending the contribution of the divine beings and will have a play, which is clearly the demise of all Creons family. At last, the Chorus anticipate the passing of Creons family, yet the conservation of his own life in the statement â€Å"Zeus, what human offense can control your capacity? All-vanquishing rest can't ace it† which shows that he won't rout the divine beings, and will be kept alive after the entirety of his family are gone as a discipline for endeavoring to challenge the divine beings and not covering the body. In general, I accept that both the principle and minor characters are significant in the improvement of topics and ethics in the play as they show good and bad, and the results that you may confront in the event that you defy the divine beings, yet likewise plainly show the outcomes of ignoring the law. /o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[Ss]{1,2}/g);for(var t=†Ã¢â‚¬ ,o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return studymoose.com},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf(http)==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

Unforgettable essays

Remarkable expositions When American Airlines Flight 11 collided with the north pinnacle of the World Trade Center, America changed. America was not, at this point a virgin to the disasters and scorn that this present reality advertised. The standards that America was impenetrable to assaults and dangers were broken, and dread had its spot. Will psychological oppressors commandeer another plane? Will strange bombings occur? Could my mail be contaminated with Bacillus anthracis? In spite of the fact that numerous of these apprehensions gradually died down, they are still there. To battle some of these feelings of trepidation the administration executed numerous things, for example, the USA Loyalist Act, however at an expense to opportunities. In spite of the fact that not every person may concur with these activities, these measures are currently here. The entirety of this has influenced American residents, and even individuals around the globe. While numerous individuals were straightforwardly influenced by this catastrophe, for example, the casualties, everybody was in a roundabout way influenced. Presently a year has passed, and September eleventh has changed America in great and terrible manners, for example, legislative structure and obligation, monetary effect, social America needed to adjust to the decimation brought about by these psychological oppressors. Numerous individuals thought about how a catastrophe could occur at this extent. How could the administration let this occur? Regular people were posing inquiries furthermore, searching for answers. In the end individuals discovered there were numerous alerts and perceptions that could have lead to the avoidance of the psychological oppressor assaults. The administration denied that it was preventable, while others said that it could have if all the snippets of data were put together. Regardless of whether, the administration would need to transform it strategies and method of social affair and arranging data to forestall another such psychological oppressor assault. One of the principal changes by the legislature was that the FAA halted all trips in the United States of America. This was to attempt to keep some other planes from being conceivably captured, and to represent eve... <!

Building Strong Study Habits

Building Strong Study Habits Studying isnt learning, unless you do it right. If youve ever heard someone talk about studying, it tends to come before they mention an exam. Studying has become something that too many of us dread; it seems that no matter what, studying is an obstacle. I dont disagree. Studying is a huge obstacle, but it can be overcome with the proper habits. Mindset Is Everything If you sit down to study with an attitude that the material is too much to handle, youll only waste time. Time is precious in all respects, but especially when youre studying. Youve set aside some time to do work, so do the work. Time spent worrying and complaining is better spent working towards understanding your material. Every time I am faced with a difficult concept, I find that after studying effectively I feel more and more confident in my knowledge. When it comes time for an exam, provided that Ive studied enough, I go into the room calm and in control. Its not that I dont get nervous; I just studied ahead of time and know that my knowledge base is enough to handle whatever my prof. throws at me. The key is believing in yourself. If you dont, youll defeat yourself before you even start; it doesnt do anyone any good to think negativelyâ€"least of all yourself. Timing The first step in building strong study habits is setting aside time. If you dont allocate a specific amount of time towards your study plan, youll only be slowing your own progress down. Youll grow more stressed about an upcoming exam because you dont know what to do. Change this into having a plan of when youll be busy studying and when youll be free. It will make your time spent studying all the more pleasing because you know that once youre done, youll have free time to explore your other interests. The same idea behind going to the gym applies to studying: make the time for it and make it happen. Environment The spot(s) you choose are largely dependent on what is around you. If you prefer to study in your home/dorm, thats fine! But beware that it becomes much easier to grow distracted and ever more tempting to do anything and everything but study when youre at home. If you choose your environment wisely, with knowledge of what you can and cant do until youre done with your daily goal, youll make the most of your time. The spot you choose is critical in defining how efficiently you will work. Studying when youre on your bed with the TV on will not only make you less focused on your work, but it also makes it harder to tune out distractions. The goal of choosing your environment wisely is that it will be a productive space where you feel that you can efficiently go through your workload for the day. This leads into two important questions to consider: Where am I most productive? What can I do to make myself more productive? In answering each of these questions, be honest with yourself. If you cant focus at home but dread going to a library, find a medium and see if it works for you (many people gravitate towards coffee shops as an in-between, but make sure that it works for you first before you make that your new spot). After you finish your work, reflect on how you think it went. Did you remain focused? Do you remember what you just did? If you think that something could have been better (noise, company, or even your mood), decide on a plan of how to change it. Whether that means finding a new spot or a new location in your current spot is up to youâ€"the goal is reflecting and learning from experience. Learning Through Questioning The ultimate goal of all of education, in my view, is to become more learned and a better person through knowledge and its application (both for ourselves and for the world at large). When it comes down to an exam, however, the emphasis tends to grow blurred for us. If we fail our exams, what good will learning the material do for us? What if I were to tell you that you can ace your exam while also learning and not just replaying information? The best way to learn while studying is to be actively engaged. Ask yourself, How does X work? and, Why does X lead to Y? Asking these two questions will not only open your mind up to the bigger picture, but will turn reading over slides or through a textbook into an active learning process. Youll find yourself growing curious and wondering; it turns into more than an assignment and becomes a potential source for growth. Youll find that your memory and retention of the information have improved if you apply this exercise regularly. Constant Improvement Sacrifice Habits arent formed overnight. It will take consistent dedication to get yourself to the level that you want to be at. If you want to learn more about dedication and how it applies to improving yourself, check out my post on it where I go into detail: Dedication I have found that as I improve my study strategies I continue to find areas of improvement. You begin to approach studying without a fear of the unknowns or how to do it right. Everyone studies differently. There are many ways by which you can build strong study habits, but they all start with one key ingredient: sacrifice. Studying is not hard. The only thing that holds us back is sacrificing the time to do it. We all have the ability to work on something, but what we choose to work on stems from what we give priority to. If you prioritize relaxing, then that will reflect on your ability to study and ultimately your exam score(s). You may wonder how some people appear to relax all the time and yet they still perform better than others. We dont see each other 24 hours a day. People who are highly efficient with their time put effort into consistently building strong study habits. The only thing that can hold you back from studying is yourself. Perhaps thats the hardest part of it al l. Honest reflection coupled with dedication leads to action while worry leads only to more worry. May we choose wisely lest we remain in the tunnel with no light in sight. We need only to look up and see what lay in store should we attempt at moving forward. Regards, Maaz studying Maaz Class of 2022 I am a Pre-Medical student studying Community Health with a concentration in Health Policy Administration interested in improving healthcare delivery systems through both public health and medical practice. My posts are targeted toward helping high school students improve their self-improvement and actualization strategies as they further their own personal and professional development.

Why ETFE Is the Miracle Construction Material

ETFE is an abbreviation for Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene, a  translucent polymer sheeting that is used instead of glass and hard plastic in some modern buildings. ETFE is usually installed within a metal framework, where each unit can be lighted and manipulated independently. Light sources can be on either side of the plastic cladding. Compared to glass, ETFE transmits more light, insulates better, and costs 24 to 70 percent less to install. ETFE is only 1/100 the weight of glass, and it has properties that make it more flexible as a construction material and a medium for dynamic illumination. Key Takeaways: ETFE ETFE (Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene) is an industrial-strength construction plastic used for exterior cladding since the 1980s.ETFE is strong and lightweight. It is often applied in layers that are welded together around the edges and held by a metal framework. Because it is safer and more adaptable than glass, non-rip ETFE is often used as a replacement for glass.Commercial uses of ETFE include many sports arenas and entertainment venues. Dynamic lighting of this plastic has been a successful feature of ETFE architecture. Uses of ETFE The SSE Hydro in Scotland, part of the design portfolio of British architect Norman Foster, was completed in 2013 as an entertainment venue. In the daylight, the ETFE cladding may lack excitement but be functional by allowing natural light to the interiors. After dark, however, the building can become a light show, with interior lighting shining out or exterior lights around the frames, creating surface colors that can be changed with the flip of a computer program. For other venues, rows of lights surround the plastic panels. The ETFE cusions on the Allianz Arena in Germany are diamond shaped. Each cushion can be controlled digitally to display red, blue, or white lights — depending on which home team is playing. ETFE Exterior Panels on the Allianz Arena. Lennart Preiss/Getty Images This material has been called a fabric, a film, and a foil. It can be sewn, welded, and glued together. It can be used as a single, one-ply sheet or it can be layered, with multiple sheets. The space between the layers can be pressurized to regulate both insulating values and light transmission. Light can also be regulated for local climates by applying nontransmittable patterns (e.g., dots) during the manufacturing process. With dark dots imprinted on the translucent plastic, light rays are deflected. These application patterns can be used in conjunction with layering — using photo sensors and computer programs, the location of the dots can be strategically moved by controlling the air between layers, by stretching or sagging the material, which positions the dots to block where the sun is shining through. Allianz Arena Dynamic Lighting. Lennart Preiss/Getty Images (cropped) Computer systems can also regulate dynamic lighting effects for ETFE structures. When the exterior of the Allianz Arena is red, FC Bayern Munich is the home team playing in the stadium — their team colors are red and white. When the TSV 1860 Mà ¼nchen soccer team plays, the colors of the stadium change to blue and white — that teams colors. Characteristics of ETFE ETFE is often called a miracle construction material for tensile architecture. ETFE is (1) strong enough to bear 400 times its own weight; (2) thin and lightweight; (3) stretchable to three times its length without loss of elasticity; (4) repaired by welding patches of tape over tears; (5) nonstick with a surface that resists dirt and birds; (6) expected to last as long as 50 years. In addition, ETFE doesnt burn, although it can melt before it self-extinquishes. Because of its strength and ability to transmit UV rays from the sun, ETFE is frequently used in sports venues that desire healthy, natural turf athletic fields. Disadvantages of ETFE Everything about ETFE is not miraculous. For one thing, it is not a natural building material — its plastic, after all. Also, ETFE transmits more sound than glass, and can be too noisy for some places. For a roof subject to raindrops, the workaround is to add another layer of film, thus decreasing the deafening drumbeats of rain but increasing the construction price. ETFE is usually applied in several layers that must be inflated and require steady air pressure. Depending on how the architect has designed it, the look of a building could drastically change if the machines that supply the pressure fail. As a relatively new product, ETFE is used in large commercial ventures — working with ETFE is too complex for small residential projects, for the time being. The Full Life Cycle of Building Materials How is it that a synthetic plastic film has come to be known as the building material of sustainability? When choosing building products, consider the life cycle of the materials. For example, vinyl siding may be recycled after its usefulness, but what energy was used and how was the environment polluted by its original manufacturing process? Concrete recycling is also celebrated in the environmentally friendly construction world, but the manufacturing process is one of the prime contributers to greenhouse gasses. A basic ingredient in concrete is cement, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tells us that the manufacturing of cement is the third largest industrial source of pollution in the world. When thinking of the life cycle of glass production, especially compared to ETFE, consider the energy used to create it and the necessary packaging to transport the product. Amy Wilson is explainer-in-chief for Architen Landrell, one of the worlds leaders in tensile architecture and fabric systems. She tells us that manufacturing ETFE causes little damage to the ozone layer. The raw material associated with ETFE is a class II substance admitted under the Montreal treaty, Wilson writes. Unlike its class I counterparts it causes minimal damage to the ozone layer, as is the case for all materials used in the manufacturing process. Reportedly creating ETFE uses less energy than making glass. Wilson explains: The production of ETFE involves the transformation of the monomer TFE in to the polymer ETFE using polymerisation; no solvents are used in this water based procedure. The material is then extruded to varying thicknesses depending on application; a process which uses minimal energy. Fabrication of the foil involves welding large sheets of the ETFE; this is relatively quick and again a low energy consumer. Because ETFE is also recyclable, the environmental  culpability is not in the polymer, but in the aluminum frames that hold the plastic layers. The aluminium frames do require a high level of energy for production, Wilson writes, but they also have a long life and are readily recycled when they reach their end of life. Examples of ETFE Structures A photo journey of ETFE architecture quickly dispels the notion that this is a simple plastic cladding material you might put over your roof or boat on a rainy day. The Swiss architecture team of Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron created a sculpted look for the Allianz Arena (2005), one of the most beautiful ETFE structures in Mà ¼nchen-Frà ¶ttmaning, Germany. Mangrove Hall (1982) at Royal Burgers Zoo in Arnhem, the Netherlands, is said to be the first application of ETFE cladding. The Water Cube venue (2008) built for the Beijing, China Olympics brought the material to the attention of the world. The biodome Eden Project (2000) in Cornwall, England created a green tinge to the synthetic material. Allianz Arena Designed by Herzog de Meuron, 2005, Munich, Bavaria, Germany. Chan Srithaweeporn/Getty Images (cropped) Because of its flexibility and portability, temporary structures such as the summer Serpentine Gallery Pavilions in London, England have been of late at least partially created with ETFE; the 2015 pavilion in particular looked like a colorful colon. The roofs of modern sports stadia, including the U.S. Bank Stadium (2016) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, are often ETFE — they look like panes of glass, but the material is really safe, non-rip plastic. Temporary Summer Pavilion in Londons Hyde Park by Spanish Architects Josà © Selgas and Lucia Scano, 2015. Lionel Derimais/Getty Images (cropped) Plastics, the Industrial Revolution Continues The du Pont family emigrated to America shortly after the French Revolution, bringing with them 19th century skills in making explosives. Using chemistry to develop synthetic products never stopped within the DuPont company, creators of nylon in 1935 and Tyvek in 1966. When Roy Plunkett worked at DuPont in the 1930s, his team accidentally invented PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), which became Teflon. ® The company, who considers themselves a pioneer of polymer science with a legacy of innovation, is said to have created ETFE in the 1970s as an insulation coating for the aerospace industry. The tensile architecture of Prizker laureate Frei Otto in the 1960s and 1970s was an inspiration for engineers to come up with the best material to use for what builders and architects call cladding, or the material that we might call exterior siding for our homes. The idea for ETFE as a film cladding came in the 1980s.  Engineer Stefan Lehnert and architect Ben Morris co-founded Vector Foiltec to create and market Texlon ® ETFE, a multi-layered system of ETFE sheets and architectural cladding. They didnt invent the material, but they did invent the process for welding together sheets of ETFE — and giving a building the layered look. Sources Birdair. Types of Tensile Membrane Structures. http://www.birdair.com/tensile-architecture/membraneBirdair. What is ETFE film? http://www.birdair.com/tensile-architecture/membrane/etfeDupont. History. http://www.dupont.com/corporate-functions/our-company/dupont-history.htmlDupont. Plastics, Polymers, and Resins. http://www.dupont.com/products-and-services/plastics-polymers-resins.htmlEPA. Cement Manufacturing Enforcement Initiative. https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/cement-manufacturing-enforcement-initiativeWilson, Amy. ETFE Foil: A Guide to Design. Architen Landrell, February 11, 2013, http://www.architen.com/articles/etfe-foil-a-guide-to-design/, http://www.architen.com/wp-content/uploads/architen_files/ce4167dc2c21182254245aba4c6e2759.pdf

How To Make Colorful Soap Bubbles

Were you one of those kids who tried to add food coloring to ordinary bubble solution to make colored bubbles? Food coloring wont give you bright bubbles, and even if it did, they would cause stains. Heres a recipe for pink or blue colored bubbles, based on disappearing ink, so the bubbles wont stain surfaces when they land. Safety First Please dont drink the bubble solution! Unused bubble solution may be stored for later in a sealed container or disposed of by pouring it down the drain.These are bubbles intended for blowing bubbles, not for bathing.Sodium hydroxide is a  strong base. Avoid direct contact with this ingredient. If you do get some on your hands, rinse them immediately with water. Ingredients Liquid dishwashing detergent  (or another detergent)Water or commercial bubble solutionSodium hydroxidePhenolphthaleinThymolphthaleinClub soda (optional) Heres How If you are making your own bubble solution, mix the detergent and water.Add the sodium hydroxide and indicator to the bubble solution. You want enough indicator so that the bubbles will be deeply colored. For each liter of bubble solution (4 cups), this is about 1-1/2 to 2 teaspoons of phenolphthalein (red) or thymolphthalein (blue).Add sodium hydroxide until you get the indicator to change from colorless to colored (about half a teaspoon should do the trick). A little more sodium hydroxide will result in a bubble that keeps its color longer. If you add too much, the color of the bubble wont disappear when exposed to air or rubbed, though you can still react it with club soda.You may find it necessary to dissolve the indicator in a small amount of alcohol before mixing it with the bubble solution. You can use pre-made indicator solution, adding the sodium hydroxide to the indicator rather than diluting with water.Youve essentially made disappearing ink bubbles. When the bubble lands, you can make the color vanish by either rubbing the spot (reacting the liquid with air) or by adding a little club soda. Fun!If you have disappearing ink, you could mix it with bubble solution to make disappearing ink bubbles.

The Tomb of Shihuangdi Free Essays

THE TOMB OF SHIHUANGDI Assignment 1: The Tomb of Shihuangdi Anesha Fair (Davis) Professor Christina Trego HUM-111 November 4, 2012 Archeologists have unraveled the mysterious plan of the tomb of Shihuangdi. The tomb is a 2,200 years old structures, and famous for being the home of 7,000 terracotta horses and warriors. In addition the covering is 2. We will write a custom essay sample on The Tomb of Shihuangdi or any similar topic only for you Order Now 13 square kilometers. â€Å"The revelation of the structure is the greatest achievement in study of the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum in the past 40 years. Furthermore archeologist has discovered construction over hundreds of square kilometers and a little more than 600 tombs of those burned alive with the emperor. Workers began digging into the ground outside the city of Xian, China, to their greatest awakening archeologist discovered a large sized clay tomb poised and filled with thousands clay soldiers in battle position. The clay soldiers were also found with their facial expressions in a unique manner, and positioned according to their rank. The theory provided is the best one to explain. Such an event impacted many lives and the mystery of The Tomb of Shihuangdi kept many people wondering. Taking a closer look into history Ying Zheng was the first Emperor of Qin. He took the throne in 246 B. C. Ying Zheng was 13 years of age. During the time of his rain he invasion the Great wall. After a short time period had occurred Ying Zheng began laboring many workers for his special project. Such a number as 700,000 on this project that would bring their life to a end. Furthermore the mystery of the tomb is filled with â€Å"models of places, pavilions and officers as well as fire vessels precious stones and rarities. † A mystery questioning why and what was the reason Ying Zheng deceived so many soldiers and trapping them into their death hiding models of palaces and precious stones of such, what was he really covering up? Questions only he could answer. References http://science. nationalgeographic. com/science/archaeology/emperor-qin/ http://www. china. org. cn/english/culture/40333. htm How to cite The Tomb of Shihuangdi, Papers

Freuds Seduction Theory Essay Example For Students

Freuds Seduction Theory Essay Freuds Seduction TheoryFreuds Seduction TheoryDuring 1895-1896 Sigmund Freud practiced psychoanalysis by listening to his women patients weave cryptic trails down memory lane, as well as trying to decipher them. What he uncovered was that something awful and violent lay in their past. The majority of psychiatrists in this era would have deemed their patient as a hysterical liar, dismissing their memories as fantasy. Freud strayed from the norm in the sense that he believed that these women were telling the truth. Illness did not befall these women due to their ?tainted families? , but because of the atrocities they faced as children. During April of 1896 Freud scraped all the theories, case histories and experience from the depths of his consciousness and manipulated it into written form. The presentation of his ideas met with silence from his colleagues. Despite the predictions of a tarnished reputation, Freud published his newfound theories in The Aetiology of Hysteria. Its title refers to Freuds theory that the basis of all neurosis stemmed from what Freud called ?infantile sex scenes?. This namely became to be known as the ?seduction theory?, the belief that these early childhood experiences were real, not fantasy created out of hysteria, and they had long lasting effects on the adult lives of those who suffered through them. The repercussions of his ideas, both innovative and perverse, earned Freud a seat in seclusion. But as the story goes, Freud eventually came to his senses about the seduction theory and gave up his aberration by publicly retracting his study. The accepted notion is that he literally had to banish the theory from his consciousness in order to move on to his more accepted work. Joined by other physicians, over a three year span, Psychoanalysis earned respect as a therapy and science. How does an innovative idea , supported by spirit and experience , come to be a belief , and then a regret ?And in the answer, lie my intentions and hopes for this paper. I seek to prove that Freud was intrigued by cases involving child abuse, incest as well as other sexually related cases. Upon turning the last page of this paper, the reader will understand that Freud did not develop the seduction theory overnight. Moreover, a gradual impact of his studies and surroundings eventually seeped through his sk ull and saturated the innermost cortexes of his brain, leaving his thoughts forever changed. Freud in Paris: The beginning of an obsession?Twenty-nine year old Freud ventured on a studious trip to Paris to wrap up his medical education while working under Frances leading neurologist, Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893) at the renowned Salpetriere hospital. Freuds stay in Paris lasted from October 3, 1885 to February 28, 1896. During which, according to Jeffrey Masson, ?Freud was exposed to literature attesting to the reality and indeed the frequency of sexual abuse in early childhood (often occurring within the family); furthermore, in all probability witnessed autopsies at the Paris morgue performed on the young victims of such abuse? (15). Freud has also made insinuations towards his studies in Paris have had a tremendous impact on his later works. Freuds mentor, Jean Charcot, in collaboration with Valentin Magnan, a well known French psychiatrist-produced an article in 1882 entitled ?The Inversion of the Genital Sense and other Sexual Perversions?. The article stresses that m adness being taken into account as a factor in sexual accounts. Charcot is also said to have worked with Paul Brouardel on the study of rape in small children by adults. Their work, Les attentets aux moeurs, the last in his series, Cours de medicine legale de la Faculte de Paris, focused on the rapist, instead of the victim. (Masson, 34). The book contains several case histories, all full of horror. Brouardel also conducted autopsies at the Paris morgue. Freud has written several letters expressing his enthusiasm for Brouardels work. Through examination of the following excerpt one is assured of Freuds participation in the autopsies. Freud writes: I abandoned my occasional attempts at attending other lectures after Ihave become convinced that all they had to offer were for the most part well constructed rhetorical performances. The only exceptions were ProfessorBrouardels forensic autopsies and lectures at the morgue, which I rarelymissed. -(Studies in Paris,1886)There were several other men writing in regards to sexual/child abuse, which Freud was familiar with , according to Masson (38). Freud was surrounded by the theoretical debate between Ambrose Tardieu and Alfred Fornier. Tardieu argued that these sexual traumas were all but too real, while Fournier argued that they were fantasies. Both shared the perspective that either way ? fantasy or fake, neither had lasting psychological effects. When Freud joined the debate, he joined on Tardieus side. But over the years adapted to Fourniers side, with the difference that he believed that fantasies themselves had pathogenic psychological consequences.(Masson, 58) It is obvious that Freuds time spent in Paris had a great effect on his thoughts, as well as his later work. Freud writes to Martha Bernays in regards to Paris, ?Whether the seed will one day bring forth fruit, I do not know.? Also, Freud named his first born son, Jean Martin, in Charcots honor.(Gay, Reading, p57 ) . Freud found himself submerged in a world fascinated by child abuse, both physical and sexual. The French pioneered in the realization that these horrid occurrences were real. Unfortunately, they did little other than uncover these truths. The toll that this environment took on Freud unleashed his unbridled curiosity in regards not only to the physical and sexual acts themselves, but also the deep rooted, psychological strings attached to these ?scenes?. Seems as if Freud was swimming in a murky sea of insect, molestation and rape. It was inevitable that he would swallow some of it. The Aeitiology of Hysteria: Frueds ticket to isolationFreshly returned from Paris , Freud began organizing his theories with his colleague, Josif Breur. He focused on the sexual abuse , over the physical abuse cases hed become so familiar with overseas . Freud began his writings by using a variety of words to describe these acts of violence: rape, abuse, seduction, attack, assault, aggression and trau mas. Though, in later writings, Freud limited his adjectives mainly to ?seduction? . Masson feels that the word ?seduction? was a poor choice, seeing it implied some form of participation by the child. He assures us that there is no ambiguity in regards to what Freud meant by a seduction: a real sexual act forced on a young child who in no way desires or encourages it (5). This is where the euphemism, The Seduction Theory, stemmed from. The Society for Psychiatry and Neurology in Vienna hosted a lecture, The Aetiology of Hysteria (Studies of Hysteria), by Freud on the evening of April 21, 1896. Freud felt that by announcing his newfound theories that he would become ?one of those who had disturbed the sleep of the world.? (S.E., 3,p.199). The main focus of this paper pinpoints the origins of hysteria/neurosis in sexual traumas dealt with during childhood. Through a thorough dissection of The Aetiology of Hysteria the reader realizes that the article can be dichotomized into two part s. The first dealing with techniques for recovering repressed memories ,symbolism in the unconscious, as well as the significance of these memories. The second part focused on Freuds connection between hysteria and sexual abuse directed towards a child, The Seduction Theory. Freud felt that repressed memories worked in a chain link , each one connected. If through probing, he uncovered a memory of vague significance, he would probe further and usually find a correlation betwixt the two memories . Hysteria, Freud affirmed, is the result of a ?presexual sexual shock,? while ?obsessional neurosis is the consequence of presexual sexual pleasure.? (Anzieu,1975/1986, p.161) Freud has eighteen cases supporting his theories . Six men, twelve women ,all with hysterical symptoms and ,or obsession symptoms , led Freud on a journey through their unconsciously stored chains of repressed memories back to shocking sexual scenes in childhood. Huck Finn and Catcher in the Rye EssayFreud had redirected his thoughts from the aggression that parents direct towards their children , to the aggression that children aim towards their parents. Freud wrote in Origins, p 207 : ? hostile impulses against parents ( a wish that they should die)are also an integral part of neuroses.?One of the first public commentaries regarding Freuds attempt to recover from the Seduction Theories was a quote included in Leopold Lowenfelds book, Psychic Obsessions . Lowenfeld was one of the few psychiatrists that took Freuds views on the seduction theory seriously, granting recognition to Freuds contradictory new ideas . At the present time Freud summarizes the essence of his theory in the following two sentences: a) Psychic obsessions always originate in repression. b) Repressed impulses and ideas from which the resulting obsession arises stem quite generally from the sexual life. (p. 297 ) This statement summarizes Freuds views circa 1902. By comparison to his 1896 papers , his shift of thought is apparent. Earlier he had stated that the experience of puberty itself was harmful, because it stirred up unconscious memories of early traumatic events . The adolescent experiences were unconsciously repressed ( or even consciously repressed) because they were reminiscent of earlier, more painful memories. Freud is now saying that the early childhood traumas tend to be fantasies , created as a defense against fully experiencing adolescence . No longer is repression an issue, sexual constitution is the only explanation. The ?neurotic? adolescent does not want to acknowledge her own sexual desires, in order to cover them up , she invents sexual tales from her childhood. In 1905 Freud wrote a short piece entitled, ?My Views on the Part Played by Sexuality in the Aetiology of Neuroses? (S.E., 7,pp.270-279), in which he writes:At that time my material was still scanty, and it happened by chance to include a disproportionately large number of cases in which sexual seduction by an adult or older children played the chief part in the history of the patientschildhood. I thus overestimated the frequency of such events ( though in other respects they were not open to doubt) . Moreover, I was at that periodunable to distinguish with certainty between falsifications made by hystericsin their memories of childhood and traces of real events (p. 274)There are several other articles that when chronologically arranged depict the road Freud traveled from isolation to redemption. Never letting go of the underlying sexual theme to his theories , Freud rerouted his ideas to accommodate his colleagues. His later deals is laced with sexuality, yet no favorable mention of sexual childhood traumas. All his thought , hard work and effort had proved to be of no avail. Whether or not he still possessed a spark of hope for his seduction theories, is unsure . It is certain that if he had any lingering thoughts , they were sure to uncover repressed memories of his isolation , which would in turn keep him from publicize them. The impact of Freuds seduction theory is apparent. His ideas caused uproar amongst the medical society. It was only when he eventually concurred that he was viewed as the pioneer that he portrays today. Common knowledge states that Freuds abolishment of the seduction theory opened numerous doors inside his mind, unleashed his true brilliance, or at least what is accepted as brilliant. In a letter to Jeffrey Masson, Anna Freud wrote (September 10 , 1981) :Keeping up the seduction theory would mean to abandon the Oedipus complex, and with it the whole importance of phantasy life, conscious, or unconsciousphantasy. In fact, I think there would be no psychoanalysis afterwards. -(Masson, 113) ConclusionThrough writing this paper I cleared up some of the ambiguities regarding Freuds theory intertwining childhood sexual abuse and adult neurosis. I now have a visual image of the long and winding road that this theory traveled, stirring up commotion across countries, evoking enough criticism to deplete its stamina. In all obviousness, one can witness the snowball effect applied to this situation. What started with an interest , grew into an idea . Integrating this theory into his practice, fueled the fire beneath this idea . The heat caused combustion, transforming this idea into a belief, one that Freud apparently felt important enough to risk his reputation . Eventually the negativity directed towards Freuds belief was enough to diminish his confidence, the spine of every mans conviction. Whether or not his retraction was caused by the isolation he persevered, or because of a sincere change of heart, only Freud himself could say. Sigmund Freud was a pioneer o f psychoanalysis, the first and last of his kind. Taking a wrong turn was inevitable, turning around was more important. Like trying to find a light switch in the dark, he had to feel his way around. BibliographyWorks Cited? Masson, Jeffrey M. The Assault on Truth Frueds Suppression of the Seduction Theory . NY: HarperPerennial, 1992. ? Gay, Peter, Reading Freud . ? Anzieu , D. Frueds Self-analysis . New York: International UP, 1986? Davis, Doug. Web site( A Theory for the 90s) . October 1997 http://www.havenford.edu/psych/ddavis/freud90s.num. ? Schur, Max. Freud : Living and Dying. New York : International UP , 1972? Stafford-Clark, David. What Freud Really Said. New York: Schocken Books: 1965,1997? Minutes of Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Edited by H. Nunberg and E. Federn; New York : International UP ,1962-1975? Lowenfeld, Leopold. Die psychischen Zwangerserscheinugen (Psychic Obsessions ). Wiesbaden, Germany: J.F. Bergman, 1904? Freud, Sigmund. My Views on the Part Played by Sexuality in the Aetiology of the Neuroses. S.E 7, p. 270- 279? Freud, Sigmund, (Report on My Studies in Paris and Berlin Carried Out with the Assistance of a Travelling Bursary Granted from the University Jubilee Fund, October,1885- End of March ,1886 ), S.E. 1,pp. 3-8Abbreviations? Origins, Sigmund Freud, The Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters to Wilhem Fleiss, Drafts and Notes: 1887- 1902, edited by Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud, Ernest Kris, and James Strachey . New York: Basic Books, 1954? S.E. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, translated by James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud ( 24 vols.) London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953-1974Psychology Essays